Leadership Styles Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Leadership Styles Change - Essay Example Further more the definitions suggest that there need to be an" invisible force" to push people to do something in return. It could also be deduced from the definition that having a motivated work force or an environment in which high levels of motivation are maintained remains a challenge for today's management. This challenge may emanate from the simple fact that motivation is not a fixed trait -as it could change with changes in personal, psychological, financial or social factors Against this background, this paper examines this paper examines how different leadership styles changes with respect to the practical application of Theory X and theory Y. The first part of the paper examines theory X and Theory Y, while the second part if the paper looks at different leadership styles. In the third part of the paper, looks at and presents relevant conclusions and recommendations. According to Mac Gregory in this theory, management assumes employees are inherently lazy and will avoid work if they can. The researcher posits further that workers inherently dislike work need to be closely supervised through a comprehensive system of control. The theory X of Mac Gregory further assumes that, a hierarchical structure is needed with narrow span of control at each level. According to this theory, employees will show little ambition without an enticing incentive program and will avoid responsibility whenever they can. Leadership in Theory X tends to believe that everything must end in blaming someone. He or she thinks all prospective employees are only out for themselves (Friedlander, 1966). 1.2 Theory Y As opposed to theory X, Mac posits that, employees are ambitious, self-motivated, and exercise self-control. Mac stipulates further that employees enjoy their mental and physical work duties. A Theory Y leader believes that, given the right conditions, most people will want to put in the best effort to do their work effectively. Leaders of theory Y believe that the satisfaction of doing a good job is a strong motivation. Many people interpret Theory Y as a positive set of beliefs about workers. A close reading of The Human Side of Enterprise reveals that McGregor simply argues for managers to be open to a more positive view of workers and the possibilities that this creates. Theory X and Y are not different ends of the same continuum. Rather they are two different continua in themselves. Thus,

Leadership--Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Leadership--Decision Making - Essay Example Their effectiveness is impeded by what a number of scholars see as an avoidance of risk encouraged in the initial period of their profession. Moreover, military leaders usually fail to completely or appropriately recognize the global or diplomatic consequences of their decisions. Military leaders could have influential memories of pleasures, anxieties, failures, or triumphs that they experienced. In most instances, these emotions were beneficial to them. They have their own interests at risk in the decisions they make and the actions they take. If these judgments influence only them, their emotions will aid them in arriving at the appropriate solution. However, when their own interests go against their duties, their decision can be lopsided. Introduction The negative ramifications of taking risks or committing errors alongside lack of awareness about military and political circumstances usually results in wrong decisions. Incorrect decisions can imply strategic failure. Wrong decisio ns by military leaders are not only caused by risk aversion or fear of mistakes, but also by emotional factors. ... This paper will discuss how risk aversion and emotion negatively affect military leaders’ judgment or decision making process. Strategic Decision Making The mission of ambitious strategic military leader at present will be to gain the skill of integrating productively, maybe even combine, the function of strategic diplomatic decision maker with the function of strategic military decision maker (Flowers, 2004). According to Friedman, â€Å"connectivity is productivity†¦ connection enables, disconnection enables† (Granger, 2002, 38); strategic leaders should build settings of regional security by facilitating the formation of democratic mechanisms of the relationship between the military and civilians (Granger, 2002). Hence, as the bound between the military leader and the policymaker becomes more and more intricate, strategic leaders should concentrate on building matching capabilities and an awareness of both their independent and collective duties in the process o f making decisions (Taylor & Rosenbach, 2000) for national security. Risk Evaluation, Assumption, and Aversion Groups of US military leaders are burgeoning without being empowered and with inadequate knowledge of how to evaluate and afterwards be equipped to assume risks for the realization of a military goal (Flowers, 2004). Hence, there is a weakening of the important principle which strengthens every military unit, that is, the audacity to take risks. Risk is defined by FM 100-14 as â€Å"the probability and severity of a potential loss that may result from hazards due to the presence of an enemy, an adversary, or some other hazardous condition† (Granger, 2002, 38). Risk assessment, assumption, and aversion,

Cayman Islands Retail Banks Customers Satisfaction and Service Quality Dissertation

Cayman Islands Retail Banks Customers Satisfaction and Service Quality - Dissertation Example The prime objectives of this dissertation was to determine the significance of service quality rendered by the retail banks, price efficiency considered by the bank, technology concerns and innovations, along with the corporate image perceived by the bank in relation to customer satisfaction. To be precise, majority of the customers in the Cayman Islands’ retail banking industry considered the time efficiency and cost efficiency to be two major determinants of service quality in the industry. The assistance provided by the bank staffs and their friendliness towards the customers also has significant roles to determine the banking service quality to a large extent. Customers tend to determine their satisfaction level with regards to the outcomes rendered by a product and/or service along with taking in account the processes included by the company in delivering the demanded service and/or product. In accordance to the findings of this study, this certain fact can be well observ ed. For instance, the customers from banks, interviewed in this study, depicted that the efficiency of bank staffs to render the demanded service and/or product on time, along with the resolvements of issues faced by the customers has a significant impact over the satisfaction level perceived by them. Therefore, it can be stated that the outcomes and the processes of rendering services adopted by the banks play a significant role in determining customers’ satisfaction level.... The following recommendation should therefore be followed; The banking institutions can implement competitive strategies to facilitate technology enhancements within the industry structure. It can also be beneficial to understand the requirements of the customers in terms of service quality, value and even corporate image. To be precise, the banking institutions can take advantage of the research findings obtained in this study to enhance their overall service quality and corporate image to persuade the customers increasing the level of satisfaction within the target market. Table of Contents Declaration & Statements Page 2 Abstract 3 Table of Figures 8 Chapter 1: Introduction 10 1.1.Scope of the Research 10 1.2.The Cayman Islands Banking Sector 13 1.3.Research Aim, Objectives and Research Questions 16 1.4.Rationale 17 1.5.Research Methods 19 1.6.Dissertation Structure 20 Chapter 2: Literature Review 22 2.1. Overview 22 2.2. Defining the Concept of Service Quality in Relation to Cust omer Satisfaction 23 2.3. Significance of Service Quality on Customer Satisfaction in the Retail Banking Industry 26 2.4. Impact of Perceived Value (price) on Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction in Retail Banks 29 2.5. The Influence of Corporate Image on Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction at Retail Banks 32 2.6. Role of Technology Change in Influencing Customer Services Quality and Customer Satisfaction of Retail Banks 33 2.7. Summary 36 Chapter 3: Research Methodology 38 3.2. Research Approaches 38 3.3. Research Design 41 3.3.1. Research Objectives 42 3.3.2. Research Process 42 3.4. Data Collection Method 44 Chapter 4: Findings and Analysis 47 4.1. Section One: Analysing

Healthypeople Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Healthypeople - Essay Example People now tend to behave as consumers, through more responsibilities and choices they become more active participants in improving and managing their healthcare. Consumerism is evident in the healthy people 2020 as the healthy people strives to identify the improvements to be made in the health department, increase the public understanding and awareness in the determinants of disability health and disease and identify research, evaluation and the needs for data collection. The healthy people 2020 aims at ensuring that the consumers of heath care are more informed, healthier and, more collaborative (Braveman, 2014, p.29) The institute of medicine in the healthy people 2020 focuses on the consumers as they aim at the promotion of health and giving objectives for disease prevention. These reports give guidance and create awareness on different types of diseases and the best methods of prevention. Through this reports the consumers get up to date information regarding healthcare and are able to take better care of themselves, an example includes the article written on type 2 diabetes prevention. The consumers should be open to the information provided to them and should take it seriously in order to benefit from it and improve their health status (Finkelman,

Cayman Islands Retail Banks Customers Satisfaction and Service Quality Dissertation

Cayman Islands Retail Banks Customers Satisfaction and Service Quality - Dissertation Example The prime objectives of this dissertation was to determine the significance of service quality rendered by the retail banks, price efficiency considered by the bank, technology concerns and innovations, along with the corporate image perceived by the bank in relation to customer satisfaction. To be precise, majority of the customers in the Cayman Islands’ retail banking industry considered the time efficiency and cost efficiency to be two major determinants of service quality in the industry. The assistance provided by the bank staffs and their friendliness towards the customers also has significant roles to determine the banking service quality to a large extent. Customers tend to determine their satisfaction level with regards to the outcomes rendered by a product and/or service along with taking in account the processes included by the company in delivering the demanded service and/or product. In accordance to the findings of this study, this certain fact can be well observ ed. For instance, the customers from banks, interviewed in this study, depicted that the efficiency of bank staffs to render the demanded service and/or product on time, along with the resolvements of issues faced by the customers has a significant impact over the satisfaction level perceived by them. Therefore, it can be stated that the outcomes and the processes of rendering services adopted by the banks play a significant role in determining customers’ satisfaction level.... The following recommendation should therefore be followed; The banking institutions can implement competitive strategies to facilitate technology enhancements within the industry structure. It can also be beneficial to understand the requirements of the customers in terms of service quality, value and even corporate image. To be precise, the banking institutions can take advantage of the research findings obtained in this study to enhance their overall service quality and corporate image to persuade the customers increasing the level of satisfaction within the target market. Table of Contents Declaration & Statements Page 2 Abstract 3 Table of Figures 8 Chapter 1: Introduction 10 1.1.Scope of the Research 10 1.2.The Cayman Islands Banking Sector 13 1.3.Research Aim, Objectives and Research Questions 16 1.4.Rationale 17 1.5.Research Methods 19 1.6.Dissertation Structure 20 Chapter 2: Literature Review 22 2.1. Overview 22 2.2. Defining the Concept of Service Quality in Relation to Cust omer Satisfaction 23 2.3. Significance of Service Quality on Customer Satisfaction in the Retail Banking Industry 26 2.4. Impact of Perceived Value (price) on Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction in Retail Banks 29 2.5. The Influence of Corporate Image on Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction at Retail Banks 32 2.6. Role of Technology Change in Influencing Customer Services Quality and Customer Satisfaction of Retail Banks 33 2.7. Summary 36 Chapter 3: Research Methodology 38 3.2. Research Approaches 38 3.3. Research Design 41 3.3.1. Research Objectives 42 3.3.2. Research Process 42 3.4. Data Collection Method 44 Chapter 4: Findings and Analysis 47 4.1. Section One: Analysing

Recent scientific discussion has renewed interest in the religious Essay

Recent scientific discussion has renewed interest in the religious aspects of cosmology. What is the anthropic principle and what is its religious significance - Essay Example hropic principle theorizes that the vital requirements for human life, such as the unique properties of water, the Earth’s atmosphere, the Earth’s distance from the Sun, and the solar system’s place in the galaxy, are so specific and perfect to human life that they could not have happened by chance. According to the anthropic principle, these variables had to have been planned this way due to how well aligned they are with the needs of human beings. The religious significance of the anthropic principle is that it suggests the possibility of intelligent design, meaning that the universe was created by a great force who took considerable care to make sure that humans could survive in the universe. To most religious denominations, this great force would be considered God, or another deity. Scientific discussions that have considered the anthropic principle are, by association, presenting the belief that the universe was indeed the result of intelligent design. If this is the case, then the origin of the universe, which is believed to be the result of the Big Bang in the scientific community, could be called into question in favor of a more religious beginning, such as the theory of creation in the Christian-based

Evaluation of Suicide Research in the Elderly

Evaluation of Suicide Research in the Elderly A CRITICAL COMPARISON OF TWO RESEARCH APPROACHES TO SUICIDALITY IN THE ELDERLY: the qualitative and quantitative paradigms Introduction: Suicide may be considered a common and devastating emergency in the general practice of mental health. It is a phenomenon that is generally complex and inherently difficult to predict. Suicidality, which is the spectrum of psychological activities that culminates in the eventual death of the individual, may be especially complicated in the elderly. This is because people of that age group are known to traverse the continuum of suicidal behaviour with extraordinary secrecy, determination and lethality. Thus, there may be up to three new cases of elderly suicide for every one below the age of 25 years in many countries (Diego et al., 2004, Mello-Santos et al., 2005). Giving the intricate nature of the phenomenon in the elderly, understanding the immediate and remote factors that may be suggestive of imminent death by suicide may be an important step to setting up targeted interventions before it is too late. In the context of suicide research, immediate pointers to an impending suicide may, on the one hand, include a subjective ‘experience’ with suicidal ideas or the wish to die. This very personal experience may sometimes be expressed in signs and symptoms such as talking or writing about the end. A phenomenon sometimes referred to as suicidal warnings (Rudd et al., 2006). In this regards, immediate factors for imminent suicide may also extend to the ‘meanings’ attached to such notices by their recipients. The understanding of peoples experiences and meanings is strengthen by the qualitative research paradigm (Fossey et al., 2002). The more remote pointers to an imminent suicide may include correlates of suicidality within the larger population, as against the individual. The investigation of such independent risk factors within the population, or a systematically generated sample from it, is underpinned by the quantitative research model (Godwin et al., 2003). To provide a clear understanding of the qualitative and quantitative frameworks, this discourse aims to critically compare two studies using contrasting approaches in elucidating the factors related to suicide in the elderly. The context and comparison This first study, hereafter referred to as Kjiolseth and Ekeberg (Kjolseth and Ekeberg, 2012), was an investigation of the experiences and reactions of people to warnings they have received about the suicidal intention of their elderly wards. The authors relied on the technique of psychological autopsy (Beskow et al., 1990). Wherein, they re-created the circumstances of the suicide through interviews of 63 formal and informal carers of 23 individuals who had died in that manner aged 65 years or over. The second study, hereafter referred to as Ojagbemi et al (Ojagbemi et al., 2013), examined the predictive relationship between several health related variables and three behaviours occurring on a continuum leading to eventual death by suicide. The authors relied on a multi-stage probability sample of 2149 participants aged 65 years or over, and spread across a geographical area equivalent to a quarter of the national population. The main research question explored by Kjiolseth and Ekeberg was; how did people perceive and react to suicidal warnings communicated to them by the elderly around them? Perception in this context may be broadly understood as the individual’s cognizance of the events external to them. Such perception may also feedback on how the individual will react. In the view of empiricists such as Locke (Baird et al., 2008) the awareness of externally occurring events may only be possible if they are mentally represented. In this regards, the reality is created in the mind of the recipient. Further, Bekerley (Atherton, 1987) contends that this reality is inherently modifiable according to previous experience. Therefore, since the previous experiences of different individuals may be inherently different, and dynamic, the proposition of a single or unitary reality may be less likely. In other words, the research question of Kjiolseth and Ekerberg may be best answered if the perception and r eaction of a variety of carefully selected individuals who may have received the suicidal warnings are considered. Qualitative interviews may afford the opportunity for the researchers in this instance to generate more nuanced accounts from a wide selection of individuals who may be knowledgeable about the phenomenon of interest. In contrast to Kjiolseth and Ekerberg, Ojagbemi et al wanted to find out if there are indices of health and wellbeing in the general population that may demonstrate predictive associations with suicidality among the elderly living in sub-Saharan African communities. This research question may suggest as follows; firstly, by indices, the authors appear interested in numerical or value indicators of health and wellbeing. Secondly, by predictive associations, they may also be interested in relationships. Thirdly, Ojagbemi et al appear interested in the general population, rather than individuals. The interest of the authors in the examination of predicted relationships between numerical and/ or non-numerical (i.e, categorical) indicators, with a focus on the general population may support a non-experimental quantitative approach (Martens, 1998). In line with the quantitative framework, Ojagbemi et al specifically investigated the predictive relationship between a wide range of demographic and health related variables and three categories of behaviour occurring on a continuum leading to eventual suicide in people who have attained the age of 65 years or over at the start of the study. They additionally sort to investigate the transition between one behaviour and another. These categories of behaviour were namely; suicidal ideation, suicidal plans, and suicidal attempts. They hypothesized that several of the health and wellbeing indicators will predict the presence of these suicidal behaviours. The study was a community based cross-sectional survey of the elderly living in a geographical area equivalent to a quarter of the national population. Giving the research question of Ojagbemi et al about predictive associations, the exploration of several demographic and health related variables should allow the investigators to examin e the independent effect of individual variables on the suicidal behaviours while holding the others constant. Furthermore, giving the interest of the authors on sub-Saharan African communities, the focus on communities spread over a wide geographical area, should allow for a wider generalisation of the findings to several sub-Saharan African communities. Conversely, the community based design may inherently exclude the elderly in care and nursing homes, as well as hospitals. Therefore, the findings may not be generalizable, after all, to the entire sub-Saharan African elderly population. Also, the cross-sectional design makes the picture of whether the elderly have had these behaviours long before they attained the age of 65 years unclear. As such it may be doubtful if the result represents the true depiction of affairs in the elderly population. On the other hand, the study by Kjiolseth and Ekerberg studied people’s experiences and reactions to the ‘warnings’ they have received about the suicidal intentions or plans of the elderly around them. They have relied on psychological autopsy, based on several interviews with people the authors thought should have the knowledge and experience about the phenomenon they planned to investigate. Giving the research questions of the authors about how people perceived notices of suicide communicated to them, a re-enactment of the situation surrounding the eventual suicidal act, through information from key informants, may help shed light on people’s experiences and the processes involved in the reaction of individuals. The individual meaning is also referred to as phenomenology in the context of qualitative research (Thompson et al., 1989). However, with individual meanings it may be difficult to demonstrate ‘probabilistic’ generalisability to the w ider group of formal or informal carers of the elderly who have died by suicide. On the other hand, it might be possible to generalise findings with strong ‘internal validity’ to similar contexts (Pawson and Tilley, 1997 ). Furthermore, They were also interested in the general population of the elderly living a wide geographical area. In this regard, it is the ideal for the authors to access very elderly person living in the location of interest. However, it may be a near impossibility to attempt to interview every elderly person living in an area equivalent to a quarter of the country. As such, the authors resorted to a systematic method of taking a representative sample of the population of the elderly in the location of interest. In this way, they relied on a multi-stage area probability sample of the elderly living in households spread over the study location. They interviewed one elderly person per household, and eventually arrived at a sample size of 2149 participants REFERENCES ATHERTON, M. 1987. Berkeleys Anti-Abstractionism. In: SOSA, E. (ed.) Essays on the Philosophy of George Berkeley. Dordrecht: D. Reidel. BAIRD, E, F., KAUFMANN WALTER 2008. From Plato to Derrida, Upper Saddle River, NJ, Pearson Prentice Hall. BESKOW, J., RUNESON, B. ASGARD, U. 1990. Psychological autopsies: methods and ethics. Suicide Life Threat Behav, 20, 307-23. DIEGO, D. L., SHELLEY, B., M, B. J., KERKHOF, D. J. F. A. BILLE-BRAHEUNNI 2004. Definitions of Suicidal Behaviour. In: LEO, D. D., BILLE-BRAHE, U., KERKHOF, A. J. F. M. SCHMIDTKE, A. (eds.) Suicidal behaviour. Cambridge: Hogrefe Huber. FOSSEY, E., HARVEY, C., MCDERMOTT, F. DAVIDSON, L. 2002. Understanding and evaluating qualitative research. Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 36, 717-32. GODWIN, M., RUHLAND, L., CASSON, I., MACDONALD, S., DELVA, D., BIRTWHISTLE, R., LAM, M. SEGUIN, R. 2003. 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